▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒Physics Electives Electricity and Domestic Updated 22 08 26▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒

Year 2026

81. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 : 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 ; 𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐩 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐩 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭 [ 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝟏𝐤, 𝟏𝟎𝐤 , 𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐝/𝐛𝐥𝐮𝐞 , 𝟐 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 , 𝟐 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 ]
https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_29.html
https://x.com/Fan_AmberHeard/status/2093956870255878641

80.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐲 : 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠  𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟖 𝟐𝟔

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_22.html

79. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞 : 𝐕𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐨 𝐆𝐫 𝟖,𝟗 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬  ; 𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝐥𝐞𝐝, 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫, 𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡, 𝐛𝐮𝐳𝐳𝐞𝐫  𝟐𝟎 𝟎𝟖 𝟐𝟔

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_20.html

https://x.com/Yudh_PhD_ManU/status/2090415716847481163

78. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 : 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝐥𝐞𝐝, 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫, 𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡, 𝐁𝐮𝐳𝐳𝐞𝐫

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_581.html

77.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 : 𝐖𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐁𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭, 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬
https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_693.html

76. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐢𝐱 : 𝐖𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐏𝐥𝐮𝐠, 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_942.html

75. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐢𝐯𝐞 : 𝟏/ 𝐏𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐨 𝐆𝐫 𝟖 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲. 𝟐/ 𝐆𝐫 𝟗 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟑/ 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐓𝐚𝐬𝐤𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬 [𝟏,𝟐,𝟑 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬] 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_19.html

74. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 : 𝐈𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐈𝐄  17/08/26

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/170826.html

73.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 : 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐋𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐁𝐮𝐳𝐳𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐥𝐢𝐩 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐩 (𝐀𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬, 𝐋𝐄𝐃 , 𝐁𝐮𝐳𝐳𝐞𝐫, 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬, 𝟗𝐯 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲, 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝟏𝐤 , 𝟏𝟎 𝐤 𝐨𝐡𝐦 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 ) 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟖 𝟐𝟔

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post_11.html

https://x.com/Yudh_PhD_ManU/status/2087187867177029849

72.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐰𝐨 : 𝟑𝐫𝐝 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬  : 𝐃𝐑𝐔𝐆/ 𝐅𝐏𝐋𝐍𝐒 / 𝐦𝐲 𝐒𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐈𝐄𝐒  11 08 26

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/11-08-26.html 

71.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 : 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐥𝐢𝐩 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐩 (𝐀𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 Transistors, LEDs, Capacitors, 9v Battery, Breadboard, 1k , 10 k ohm resistors ) 09 08 26
https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/09-08-26.html

https://x.com/Yudh_PhD_ManU/status/2086448728789897283

70.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 ; 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝐥𝐞𝐝, 𝟗𝐯 𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲, 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬.  𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝐎𝐡𝐦 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬) 𝟏𝟎𝐊 𝐨𝐡𝐦 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫 ; 𝐖𝐇𝐘 ? 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐕=𝐈𝐑. 𝐈𝐟 𝐑 𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡, 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐄𝐃

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/08/blog-post.html

https://x.com/Fan_AmberHeard/status/2085414558126989596

69.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭  𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐀 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐅𝐏𝐋𝐍𝐒 𝟏𝟕 𝟎𝟕 𝟐𝟔

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/07/a-positive-meeting-with-moderator-fplns.html

68.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 : 𝐀𝐫𝐝𝐮𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 :)

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/07/blog-post_95.html

67.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 : 𝐀𝐫𝐝𝐮𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝟎𝟒 𝟎𝟕 𝟐𝟔

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/07/blog-post_04.html

66.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐢𝐱 : 𝐀𝐫𝐝𝐮𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝟎𝟒 𝟎𝟕 𝟐𝟔

https://yjugessurelectricity.blogspot.com/2026/07/blog-post.html

65.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐢𝐯𝐞 : Video Viewing Educational Video SOLAR SYSTEM ( Scientific Literacy ) 13 06 26

64.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐰𝐨 Measuring Voltage Across BUZZ GAME  03 06 26 

63.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 Measuring Voltage, Cells (3V + 3V) in Series 03 06 26

62.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫 Measuring Voltage, Cells in parallel (3V,3V) 03 06 26

61. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 18 05 26  Less Bright light

60. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲  𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬  18 05 26 Bright Light

59. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞 12 05 26  BUZZ WIRE GAME, made in Physics Lab [ From all materials mentioned in FPLNS,  MIE books ]

58. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 04 05 26 Graphite (from pencil/ 𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘯) conducting electricity 

57.  𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 24 04 26 It is the Ministry of Education & HR who must do BIDS/ PROCUREMENT / Choose/ purchase and THEN distribute to Schools

56.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐢𝐱 08 04 26 A 'Koronpi' Creole GP Politician of Quatre Bornes is saying that SHE DOES NOT SEE those apparatus displayed on that Page , IN THE SCHOOL LEDGER . Read Full REPLY in the post: I CANNOT INCLUDE my PERSONAL belongings/apparatus into the SCHOOL LEDGER. Even a DRUNKARD of Quatre Bornes can understand that. There is a Difference between my personal items and Government Property. If her Hon Minister had provided those Requested Apparatus , she would had seen them in the LEDGER.

55. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐢𝐯𝐞 WORK Situation & Condition  in MITD 28 03 26

54. 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫 : 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝟐𝟕 𝟎𝟑 𝟐𝟔 Part  3 of 3  Metal / Coin ( Conductor ,  allows current to flow , Beep sound heard ) 

53. 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞  : 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝟐𝟕 𝟎𝟑 𝟐𝟔 Part  2 of 3  Plastic  ( Insulator , current does not flow , no sound ) 

52. 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐰𝐨 : 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝟐𝟕 𝟎𝟑 𝟐𝟔 Part  1 of 3  Wood ( Insulator , current does not flow , no sound ) 

51. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 Electrical Sockets 19

50. 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐲 IT IS NOT MY DUTY TO BUY APPARATUS IN THE NAME OF THE SCHOOL. It is illegal. It is the Ministry/CTO/SCE/ZONE/Minister who should issue BIDS/choose/make payments/buy and distribute.  As mentioned earlier, I cannot wait 15 months for a SWITCH so I BUY WITH MY MONEY (not their coffer's money) some apparatus FOR ME, I am the OWNER and I bring to school and do Demonstrations . There is no money of Government involved. Same for BOOKs, it is not my DUTY to print books and distribute. I can do some photocopies and give ( this also they were making believe supposedly I give questionnaires)

49.Post Forty Nine 08 03 26 :  I USE MY OWN MONEY TO INVEST INTO MY WORK They do not give books : I do Photocopy of pages and they make believe supposedly  I am giving Questionnaires to students.They do not give equipment : I buy and they make believe it is from their COFFERS money that I am buying equipment.

48.𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭  𝐅𝐔𝐒𝐄, 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐏𝐥𝐮𝐠 04.03.26

47.𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧  𝐍𝐄𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 , 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬  04 03 26 

46.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐢𝐱 Danger of LED Strip Extremity . Insulate end side 28 02 26

45.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐢𝐯𝐞 Example of Damaged wire , to repair or change wire 24 02 26

44.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 Making wire pass through side of Lamp instead of bottom 24 02 26

43.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 Bulb and Wire

42.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐰𝐨 Part A,B , C REAL COMPONENTS Switch, Plug, Bulb, Bulb holder 21 02 26

41.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 Part C REAL COMPONENTS BULB, BULB HOLDER 21 02 26

40.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲 Part B REAL COMPONENTS , PLUG ( two ways) 21 02 26

39.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞 Part A REAL COMPONENTS , SWITCH ( two ways) 21 02 26

38.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 Bulb and battery 21 02 26

37.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 LED and batteries 21 02 26

36.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐢𝐱 21 02 26 Measurement of Voltage using Multimeter 2

35.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐢𝐯𝐞 21 02 26 Measurement of Voltage using Multimeter 1

34.𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫 : 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 (𝟏𝟑.𝟎𝟐.𝟐𝟔)

33.𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐘 𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐄𝐄 Simple Basic Circuit Breadboard/LED/Battery/ Battery holder/resistor/ switch 10/09/25

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Year  2025

 1.Introduction Introduction 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘪𝘬𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 

    2.Elective 6 Electricity Gr 8 FP 𝐆𝐫 𝟖 𝐅𝐏 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝟔 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐎𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬

    3.Elective 9 Domestic Appliance Maintenance Gr 9 FP

𝐆𝐫 𝟗 𝐅𝐏 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝟗 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐎𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬

    4.EUREKA Let there be light  𝐌𝐲 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭 Led/Battery/ Resistor/ connecting wires/ Switch/ breadboard VICTOIRE

    5. TESTING for conductor and insulator  𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐩

    6.Circuit Board : 𝐂𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭 𝐁𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬, (𝐥𝐞𝐝/𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫/𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡/𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲/ 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐝

    7.Lesson one Gr 8 FP Gr 9 FP 𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐍𝐄 : 𝐑𝐔𝐋𝐄𝐒, 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐀𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐃. 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝟖 𝐅𝐏 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝟔 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐆𝐫 𝟗 𝐅𝐏 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝟗 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

    8.Lesson two Gr 8 FP 𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐒𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐬 𝐆𝐫 𝟖 𝐅𝐏 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐬 

    9.Lesson two Gr 9 FP 𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐬 𝐆𝐫 𝟗 𝐅𝐏 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

    10.Lesson three Gr 9 FP 𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐄𝐄  𝐆𝐫 𝟗 𝐅𝐏 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 : 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐨𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲

    11.Lesson three Gr 8 FP 𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐄𝐄 𝐆𝐫 𝟖 𝐅𝐏 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐬 : 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬: 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬, 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬, 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲, 𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡 (𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬)-𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝

    12. Lesson four Gr 8 FP 𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐅𝐎𝐔𝐑 𝐆𝐫 𝟖 𝐅𝐏 𝐒𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 , 𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐋𝐄𝐃 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐬 𝐮𝐩 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫) 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬

    13. Mother and father's day at School. Card from Students 

    14. Glue Gun and Wire Stripper 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐄𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐫 𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐠𝐞

    15.  ' 𝘭𝘪 𝘷𝘪𝘳-𝘷𝘪𝘳𝘦 'A small electric Motor connected to Switch, connectors, wires and batteries It turns, rotates. Students had the opportunity to handle, play with the motor and circuit.

    16. Motor Batteries in series . Students were shown and had the opportunity to PLAY with the circuit and motor

    17. Motor batteries, in series and measurement of Voltage with Voltmeter un parallel, measurement of Current with Ammeter in series. How we measure voltage and current ? 𝘒𝘰𝘶𝘮𝘢 𝘯𝘰𝘶 𝘮𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘳 𝘬𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘬 𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘵𝘢𝘻 ?

    18. Small Circuit  3 V Bulb , 2 AA Batteries, switch , connectors, wires

    19. TESTERS : Neon Testers, 3 models , Advice to Students : DO NOT TRUST TESTERS, BE CAREFUL If there is flow of current, the Tester lights up. Students were given the opportunity to use the Testers 

    20. Types of Cables MAIN types of Cables used at home. FLAT and ROUND with 3 wires 

    21. Wiring a Plug. Students were given the opportunity to wire a Plug

    22. 𝐀𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐖𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐥𝐮𝐠 (𝐢) 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 (𝐢𝐢) 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝  𝐰𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐬. 𝐄𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬  (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐮𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰 𝐩𝐥𝐮𝐠 (𝐢𝐯) 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝟑 𝐰𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐲. 𝐁𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 , 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞, 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐡 (𝐯) 𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐩 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲, 𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝐯𝐢) 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐮𝐠 . 𝘛𝘰𝘶 𝘣𝘢𝘯𝘯 𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘢𝘱 𝘱𝘰𝘶 𝘮𝘦𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘯 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘭 𝘥𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘯𝘯 𝘗𝘭𝘦𝘨 (𝘪) 𝘵𝘪𝘳 𝘪𝘻𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘭𝘰𝘳 𝘬𝘢𝘣 𝘭𝘢 (𝘪𝘪) 𝘵𝘪𝘳 𝘪𝘻𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘭𝘰𝘳 3 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘭 𝘬𝘰𝘶𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘭𝘢. 𝘚𝘢𝘬 𝘬𝘰𝘶𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘭 𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘥𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘰 𝘬𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘬𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘬 (𝘪𝘪𝘪) 𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴 𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘨 𝘭𝘢 (𝘪𝘷) 𝘮𝘦𝘵 𝘣𝘢𝘯𝘯 3 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘭 𝘭𝘢 𝘥𝘢𝘱𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘥. 𝘉𝘭𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘶 𝘯𝘦𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘭 , 𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘯 𝘭𝘪𝘷𝘦 , 𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘷𝘦𝘳-𝘭𝘢 𝘵𝘦𝘳 (𝘷) 𝘮𝘦𝘵 𝘨𝘳𝘪𝘱 𝘬𝘰𝘳𝘦𝘬𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘯 . 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘧𝘸𝘢 𝘣𝘪𝘻𝘪𝘯 𝘮𝘦𝘵 𝘣𝘢𝘯𝘯 𝘷𝘪𝘴 𝘭𝘢 𝘥𝘢𝘯 𝘨𝘳𝘪𝘱 𝘭𝘢 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘯 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘦 (𝘷𝘪) 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘮 𝘗𝘭𝘦𝘨 𝘭𝘢

23. RESISTORS in Circuit 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭, 𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲, 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛

24. RESISTANCE Colour code 𝐒𝐈𝐗 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬

25. RESISTANCE in series 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 ( 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞). 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞. 𝘙𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴 𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪 , 𝘣𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘣𝘰𝘢𝘳𝘥, 𝘔𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘰𝘶 𝘮𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘳 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴. 𝘒𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪, 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴 𝘭𝘪 𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘴

26. RESISTANCE in parallel 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥, 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 ( 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞). 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬.  𝘙𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴 𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘭 , 𝘣𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘣𝘰𝘢𝘳𝘥, 𝘔𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘰𝘶 𝘮𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘳 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴. 𝘒𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘭, 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴 𝘭𝘪 𝘮𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘴

27. RESISTANCE : One resistor 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫 ( 𝘯𝘰𝘶 𝘮𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘳 𝘦𝘯𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘴𝘰 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴 )

28. RESISTANCE : 3 identical in series 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬.𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 ( 𝘯𝘰𝘶 𝘮𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘳 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴  3 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘬 𝘬𝘪 𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪 .𝘒𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘭𝘢 𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘴  )

29. RESISTANCE : 3 identical in parallel 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 . 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 ( 𝘯𝘰𝘶 𝘮𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘳 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘴  3 𝘳𝘦𝘻𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘬 𝘬𝘪 𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘭 .𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘭 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘭𝘢 𝘮𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘴 )

30. 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐘𝐨𝐮 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐦 𝐑𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐇𝐢𝐥𝐥 Breadboard/LED/Batteries/battery holder/ resistors/ switch.... etc

31. Simple Basic Circuit Breadboard/LED/Battery/Battery holder/resistor/switch 10/09/25

32. 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐘 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐘𝐨𝐮 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐦 𝐑𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐇𝐢𝐥𝐥 Breadboard/LED/Batteries/battery holder/ resistors/ switch.... etc